Effect of local infiltration analgesia, peripheral nerve blocks, general and spinal anesthesia on early functional recovery and pain control in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of local infiltration analgesia (LIA), peripheral nerve blocks, general and spinal anesthesia on early functional recovery and pain control in primary unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). METHODS: Between January 2016 until August 2016, 134 patients underwent primary UKA and were subdivided into four groups according to their concomitant pain and anesthetic procedure with catheter-based techniques of femoral and sciatic nerve block (group GA&FNB, n = 38) or epidural catheter (group SP&EPI, n = 20) in combination with general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia, respectively, and LIA combined with general anesthesia (group GA&LIA, n = 46) or spinal anesthesia (group SP&LIA, n = 30). Outcome parameters focused on the evaluation of pain (NRS scores), mobilization, muscle strength and range of motion up to 7 days postoperatively. The cumulative consumption of (rescue) pain medication was analyzed. RESULTS: The LIA groups revealed significantly lower (about 50%) mean NRS scores (at rest) compared to the catheter-based groups at the day of surgery. In the early postoperative period, the dose of hydromorphone as rescue pain medication was significantly lower (up to 68%) in patients with SP&EPI compared to all other groups. No significant differences could be detected with regard to grade of mobilization, muscle strength and range of motion. However, there seemed to be a trend towards improved mobilization and muscle strength with general anesthesia and LIA, whereof general anesthesia generally tended to ameliorate mobilization. CONCLUSIONS: Except for a significant lower NRS score at rest in the LIA groups at day of surgery, pain relief was comparable in all groups without clinically relevant differences, while the use of opioids was significantly lower in patients with SP&EPI. A clear clinically relevant benefit for LIA in UKA cannot be stated. However, LIA offers a safe and effective treatment option comparable to the well-established conventional procedures.

Effect of local infiltration analgesia, peripheral nerve blocks, general and spinal anesthesia on early functional recovery and pain control in total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain control and enhanced mobilization, muscle strength and range of motion following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are pivotal requisites to optimize rehabilitation and early recovery. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of local infiltration analgesia (LIA), peripheral nerve blocks, general and spinal anesthesia on early functional recovery and pain control in primary total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Between January 2016 until August 2016, 280 patients underwent primary TKA and were subdivided into four groups according to their concomitant pain and anesthetic procedure with catheter-based techniques of femoral and sciatic nerve block (group GA&FNB, n = 81) or epidural catheter (group SP&EPI, n = 51) in combination with general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia, respectively, and LIA combined with general anesthesia (group GA&LIA, n = 86) or spinal anesthesia (group SP&LIA, n = 61). Outcome parameters focused on the evaluation of pain (NRS scores), mobilization, muscle strength and range of motion up to 7 days postoperatively. The cumulative consumption of (rescue) pain medication was analyzed. RESULTS: Pain relief was similar in all groups, while the use of opioid medication was significantly lower (up to 58%) in combination with spinal anesthesia, especially in SP&EPI. The LIA groups, in contrast, revealed significant higher mobilization (up to 26%) and muscle strength (up to 20%) in the early postoperative period. No analgesic technique-related or surgery-related complications occurred within the first 7 days. Due to insufficient pain relief, 8.4% of the patients in the catheter-based groups and 12.2% in the LIA groups resulted in a change of the anesthetics pain management. CONCLUSIONS: The LIA technique offers a safe and effective treatment option concerning early functional recovery and pain control in TKA. Significant advantages were shown for mobilization and muscle strength in the early postoperative period while pain relief was comparable within the groups.

[Single-port VATS-assisted internal fixation of serial rib fractures]. / "Single-port-VATS"-assistierte Osteosynthese von Rippenserienfrakturen.

This article describes the operative stabilization of a flail chest due to traumatic serial rib fractures with extensive chest wall deformation and respiratory insufficiency. Initial conservative treatment including systemic and regional pain management and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation did not improve the pain or ventilation. Therefore, a single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) assisted internal fixation of the ribs was performed. The thoracoscopy enabled easy repositioning of the ribs and additionally an estimation of intrathoracic injuries.

[Kirschner wire osteosynthesis for fractures in childhood: bury wires or not? : Results of a survey on care reality in Germany]. / Kirschner-Draht-Osteosynthese bei Frakturen im Kindesalter: Drähte versenken oder nicht? : Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur Versorgungsrealität in Deutschland.

INTRODUCTION: Kirschner wire osteosynthesis is considered to be the standard technique for surgical fixation of displaced supracondylar humeral and distal radial fractures in children. The Kirschner wires can be left exposed or buried under the skin. Advantages of the epicutaneous technique are, e. g. the efficiency (cost, effort) and the possibility for wire removal without the necessity of a second anesthesia. On the other hand, there is a concern about higher infection rates as well as traumatization of the children due to externally visible wires. METHODS: A web-based survey of members of the DGU, DGOU, DGOOC, and the pediatric traumatology section of the DGU (SKT) was performed to evaluate current treatment concepts in Germany. The pros and cons for each technique were recorded and the need for a clinical study was examined. In addition, a cost analysis was performed for both methods. The results from the literature are summarized and discussed. RESULTS: A total of 710 questionnaires were evaluated. The majority of the respondents were trauma surgeons working in a hospital (80%). The buried technique was superior in both fracture groups (supracondylar humeral fractures 73% and distal radius fractures 69%), whereas a relevant difference could be found depending on the profession. The main reason for the subcutaneous technique was anxiety or observed higher infections using the epicutaneous technique. CONCLUSION: In Germany, the majority of wires are buried under the skin due to a fear of higher infection rates. In addition, other influencing factors such as pain and traditional approaches play a significant role. With respect to the results in the literature as well as a possible improvement of efficiency and avoidance of a second anesthesia, a multicentric clinical study seems necessary in the future to compare both techniques.

[Evolution and principles of intramedullary locked nailing]. / Entwicklung und Prinzipien der Verriegelungsmarknagelung.

Key factors for successful osteosynthetic fracture stabilization are anatomical fracture reduction, restoration of axis and torsion alignment as well as tissue-preserving operative techniques. In long bone fractures, the use of intramedullary long bridging nailing offers ideal conditions for bone healing, as axial and rotational stability is provided by canal-filling nails and locking screws. In addition, the tissue in the fracture region is protected as the intramedullary nail insertion is distant from the fracture. The indication spectrum for modern intramedullary locked nailing includes diaphyseal fractures of long bones, metaphyseal fractures and reconstructions, as well as treatment of nonunion, osteotomy and arthrodesis of the lower extremities. Continuous improvements in nail design and instrumentation as well as the introduction of anatomical reconstruction nails will optimize the spectrum and effectiveness of intramedullary osteosynthesis even further.

Percutaneous vertebral augmentation in fragility fractures-indications and limitations.

INTRODUCTION: There is still no general consensus about the management of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Recommendations depend on type of fracture, grade of instability, bone quality, and general conditions of the patient. Spontaneous fractures may be considered to be treated different compared to cases with high-velocity trauma. METHODS: According to the DVO, patients without trauma should first be treated conservatively. However, there is no more strict time protocol of 3 or 6 week conservative treatment before operations may be indicated. Surgical criteria are not yet distinctly defined. For highly unstable fractures (type B and C according to the AO Spine Classification), posterior instrumentation with cement augmented screws and as long construct, respectively, is adequate. Current literature has been analysed for diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. RESULTS: There is no clear operative concept for burst fractures and classic osteoporotic fractures with dynamic ongoing sintering. Percutaneous vertebral augmentation showed to prevent the fractures from ongoing kyphotic deformity and the patients from painful immobilization. Indications and results of classical vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty have been discussed intensively in the literature. Further development included special injection techniques, cements with different viscosities and stenting systems to reach more stable constructs and avoid typical complications, such as cement extrusion. CONCLUSIONS: This review reports upon indications and limitations of percutaneous vertebral augmentation and the potential development of classifications and therapeutic algorithms.

[The new medical treatment procedure of the German Statutory Accident Insurance: From the perspective of BG hospitals]. / Die neuen Heilverfahren der DGUV: Aus Sicht der BG Kliniken.

The Hospital Group of the Statutory Accident Insurance (BG hospitals) was affected by the new requirements for severe injury procedures (SAV) in the same manner as all other maximum care hospitals. Simultaneously, the BG clinics were merged to form a centrally organized hospital group. A substantial need for adjustment existed for specialties, such as neurosurgery and visceral surgery at some sites. Needless to say, all trauma victims benefit from the high standards required by the Statutory Accident Insurance regardless of their insurance status. The provision of medical treatment with respect to its implementation into routine practice must be further optimized and additions, e.g. for the occurrence of complications are necessary.

[Intraoperative 3D imaging in spinal surgery]. / Intraoperative 3­D-Bildgebung in der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative imaging during spinal interventions has experienced significant developments over the last two decades. By the introduction of flat screen detectors, 3D imaging has been made possible and easier and by developing compact and mobile systems computed tomography can even be used in the operating theater. OBJECTIVE: Presentation of modern intraoperative 3D imaging and navigation in spinal surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The techniques of intraoperative 3D imaging and navigation during spinal procedures are presented based on the currently available literature and own experiences at a German national spine and trauma center. RESULTS: The use of flat panel detectors and the possibility of 3D visualization nowadays substantially facilitate the use of navigation and allow certain control of surgical results even during the intervention. Radiation exposure of the whole team in the operating theater can be significantly reduced by the new techniques. CONCLUSION: The advantages of intraoperative 3D imaging with a clear improvement of visualization for spinal surgeons and the certain control of materials at the end of the operation are obvious. Even the use of navigation has been greatly simplified and can therefore lead to an even greater precision and less radiation exposure. There are even more sophisticated developments, such as operation suites and intraoperative computed tomography but these are initially reserved for selected centers.

[Transitional fractures : Epiphyseal injuries in adolescence]. / Übergangsfraktur : Epiphysenverletzungen im Adoleszentenalter.

The so-called transitional fractures describe articular fractures in adolescents with partial closure of the epiphyseal growth plate. This shows a specific stereotype fracture pattern, which can be differentiated into biplane, triplane I and triplane II fractures depending on the involvement of the metaphysis and the number of fragments. The diagnostics and therapy can differ from fractures where the epiphyseal growth plate is still open. The main focus for surgical treatment is the reconstruction of the articular surface whereas relevant growth disturbances no longer need to be feared when the epiphysis has already begun to close.

[Imitation of an Anderson type II dens fracture by a motion artefact in computed tomography : Four case examples]. / Imitation einer Densfraktur Typ Anderson II durch ein computertomographisches Bewegungsartefakt : Vier Fallbeispiele.

Computed tomography (CT) is the method of choice in the diagnosis and classification of odontoid fractures with a sensitivity of more than 99 % and a specificity almost equally as high. In this article we report on four cases where CT-generated motion artefacts exactly mimicked an Anderson type II fracture of the dens axis, initially leading to a wrong diagnosis. Although this seems to be a very rare event, these cases indicate that overlooked CT motion artefacts can lead to severe consequences and attention must be paid to the radiological signs outlined in this report.

[Fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine]. / Frakturen der Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule.

Fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine result from high velocity trauma, assuming bone density is normal. The main location of fractures is the thoracolumbar junction. Most injuries can be treated conservatively; however, patients transferred to hospitals and spine centers represent a preselection with more severe trauma and a higher incidence of operative treatment. There is a large variety of operative techniques that can be used, which can be principally differentiated by the approach: posterior or anterior. Dorsal approaches are differentiated by the instrumentation for spondylodesis as open or percutaneous techniques. Minimally invasive options are favored more and more. For osteoporotic bone, cement augmented solutions may be used. Correct reduction of mainly kyphotic malalignment is crucial for the long-term outcome. Biomechanically stable reconstruction of the anterior spinal column is important mainly for the thoracolumbar junction.

Association between volume of severely injured patients and mortality in German trauma hospitals.

BACKGROUND: The issue of patient volume related to trauma outcomes is still under debate. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between number of severely injured patients treated and mortality in German trauma hospitals. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of the TraumaRegister DGU® (2009-2013). The inclusion criteria were patients in Germany with a severe trauma injury (defined as Injury Severity Score (ISS) of at least 16), and with data available for calculation of Revised Injury Severity Classification (RISC) II score. Patients transferred early were excluded. Outcome analysis (observed versus expected mortality obtained by RISC-II score) was performed by logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 39,289 patients were included. Mean(s.d.) age was 49.9(21.8) years, 27,824 (71.3 per cent) were male, mean(s.d.) ISS was 27.2(11.6) and 10,826 (29.2 per cent) had a Glasgow Coma Scale score below 8. Of 587 hospitals, 98 were level I, 235 level II and 254 level III trauma centres. There was no significant difference between observed and expected mortality in volume subgroups with 40-59, 60-79 or 80-99 patients treated per year. In the subgroups with 1-19 and 20-39 patients per year, the observed mortality was significantly greater than the predicted mortality (P < 0.050). High-volume hospitals had an absolute difference between observed and predicted mortality, suggesting a survival benefit of about 1 per cent compared with low-volume hospitals. Adjusted logistic regression analysis (including hospital level) identified patient volume as an independent positive predictor of survival (odds ratio 1.001 per patient per year; P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: The hospital volume of severely injured patients was identified as an independent predictor of survival. A clear cut-off value for volume could not be established, but at least 40 patients per year per hospital appeared beneficial for survival.

[The Postero-Lateral Approach--An Alternative to Closed Anterior-Posterior Screw Fixation of a Dislocated Postero-Lateral Fragment of the Distal Tibia in Complex Ankle Fractures]. / Der posterolaterale Zugang--eine Alternative zur geschlossenen anterior-posterioren Schraubenosteosynthese bei komplexen Sprunggelenkfrakturen.

BACKGROUND: The dislocated posterolateral fragment of the distal tibia is considered as a key fragment for the successful reduction of comminuted ankle fractures. The reduction of this fragment can either be achieved indirectly by joint reduction using the technique of closed anterior-posterior screw fixation, or directly using the open posterolateral approach followed by plate fixation. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome after stabilization of the dislocated posterolateral tibia fragment using either closed reduction and screw fixation, or open reduction and plate fixation via the posterolateral approach in complex ankle fractures. PATIENTS/MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study between 01/2010 and 12/2012, all mono-injured patients with closed ankle fractures and dislocated posterolateral tibia fragments were assessed 12 months after osteosynthesis. Parameters included: size of the posterolateral tibia fragment relative to the tibial joint surface (CT scan, in %) as an indicator of injury severity, unreduced area of tibial joint surface postoperatively, treatment outcome assessed by using the "Ankle Fracture Scoring System" (AFSS), as well as epidemiological data and duration of the initial hospital treatment. RESULTS: In 11 patients (10 female, 1 male; age 51.6 ± 2.6 years [mean ± SEM], size of tibia fragment 42.1 ± 2.5 %) the fragment fixation was performed using a posterolateral approach. Impaired postoperative wound healing occurred in 2 patients of this group. In the comparison group, 12 patients were treated using the technique of closed anterior-posterior screw fixation (10 female, 2 male; age 59.5 ± 6.7 years, size of tibia fragment 45.9 ± 1.5 %). One patient of this group suffered an incomplete lesion of the superficial peroneal nerve. Radiological evaluation of the joint surface using CT scan imaging demonstrated significantly less dislocation of the tibial joint surface following the open posterolateral approach (0.60 ± 0.20 mm) compared to the closed anterior-posterior screw fixation (1.03 ± 0.08 mm; p < 0.05). Assessment of the treatment outcome using the AFSS demonstrated a significantly higher score of 97.4 ± 6.4 in the group with a posterolateral approach compared to a score of 74.4 ± 12.1 (p < 0.05) in the group with an anterior-posterior screw fixation. CONCLUSION: In comparison to the anterior-posterior screw fixation, open reduction and fixation of the dislocated, posterolateral key fragment of the distal tibia using a posterolateral approach resulted in a more accurate fracture reduction and significantly better functional outcome 12 months after surgery. In addition, no increased rate of postoperative complications, or extended hospital stay was observed but there was less severe post-traumatic joint arthritis. The results of this study suggest that in complex ankle factures the open fixation of the dislocated posterolateral fragment is recommended as an alternative surgical procedure and may be beneficial for both clinical and radiological long-term outcomes.

[Intramedullary nailing of the distal tibia. Does angular stable locking make a difference?]. / Marknagelosteosynthese an der distalen Tibia. Macht die winkelstabile Verriegelung einen Unterschied?

BACKGROUND: Osteosynthesis of distal tibia fractures relies on stable fixation of the distal fragment. Modern intramedullary implants provide various fixation options for locking screws. These implants expand the indications for intramedullary nailing of tibia fractures towards more distally located fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The most essential options which improve the fixation of the distal fragment include an increase in number, in size and in spacing of the distal locking screws. Further options for nailing of distal tibia fractures include interfragmentary compression and angular stability. Interfragmentary compression considerably increases mechanical stability in axially stable fracture situations. Angular stable fixation of the locking screws has recently become a popular feature in intramedullary nailing; however, the effect of angular stability on the mechanical properties of distal tibia osteosynthesis has been found to be limited. CONCLUSION: The initial stability to provide sufficient load bearing capacity appears to be provided by the available locking options. With at least two screws, preferably in crossed configuration and spaced over the largest available distance of the distal fragment, secure and stable fixation can be achieved. Insertion of the locking screws in a free hand technique typically results in jamming of the locking screw with the nail and with cortical bone, providing inherent angular stability of the construct. Angular stable locking features of the nail itself do not appear to improve mechanical stability or to affect healing of distal tibia fractures.

[Pyoderma gangrenosum after intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fracture: A differential diagnosis to necrotizing fasciitis]. / Pyoderma gangraenosum nach Marknagelosteosynthese bei Tibiaschaftfraktur : Eine Differenzialdiagnose zur nekrotisierenden Fasziitis.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare non-infectious neutrophilic dermatitis, whereas necrotizing fasciitis is a life-threatening bacterial soft tissue infection of the fascia and adjacent skin. As in the case described here after intramedullary nailing, the clinical appearance of both diseases can be similar. Because of the completely different therapeutic approach and a worse outcome in the case of false diagnosis, pyoderma gangrenosum should always be taken into consideration before treating necrotizing fasciitis.

[Antegrade femoral intramedullary nailing in a lateral position]. / Technik der antegraden Femurmarknagelung in Seitenlage.

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary nailing is the gold standard for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures; however, rotational malalignment remains a common complication. The patient can be positioned on the fracture table in a supine position or alternatively in the lateral decubitus position without any traction. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to describe an effective method to control intraoperative torsion of the femur. METHOD: The surgical technique described in this article is the standard procedure for femoral shaft fractures and subtrochanteric fractures in this level 1 trauma center. The patient is positioned in a lateral position on a radiolucent table with free draping of the injured leg. Using the C-arm, reduction can be performed with this technique with precise placing of the nails and torsion can be exactly adjusted and controlled with the aid of the femoral neck axis, the distal locking holes and both parallel femoral condyles. RESULTS: The described technique represents an effective method for the intraoperative control of femoral torsion. With an acceptable and most probably clinically irrelevant bias, this technique is able to avoid significant rotational malalignment. It does not prolong the operative procedure and does not require additional navigation settings. It has also been shown to be helpful in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures. CONCLUSION: The surgical technique of anterograde intramedullary nailing using the lateral decubitus position without any traction device and free draping of the injured leg represents a safe and reliable treatment concept and offers logistical advantages compared to the supine position of the patient on a fracture table. Together with other described methods of intraoperative torsional control of femoral fractures, the radiological technique described in this study is an easily applicable and safe method, which needs to be confirmed in clinical studies.

[Rehabilitation in the German statutory accident insurance. Guide to the new outpatient and inpatient structures]. / Rehabilitation in der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung. Leitfaden durch die neuen ambulanten und stationären Strukturen.

BACKGROUND: The German statutory accident insurance (DGUV) has the statutory mandate to eliminate or to prevent an aggravation of the consequences of accidents by all appropriate means and is based on the principle of rehabilitation before pension. For this, special methods have been developed in recent decades, such as employer's mutual insurance inpatient further treatment (BGSW, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Stationäre Weiterbehandlung) and extended outpatient physiotherapy (EAP, Erweiterte Ambulante Physiotherapie). In 2012 the workplace-related musculoskeletal rehabilitation (ABMR, Arbeitsplatz-bezogene muskuloskelettale Rehabilitation) was added to these complex treatments. SPECIAL REHABILITATION MEASURES: For complex injuries and delayed healing these methods approach their limits. The accident clinics of the Association of Clinics in Statutory Accident Insurance (KUV, Klinikverbund der gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung) provide a number of specialized rehabilitation measures in order to ensure an optimal seamless rehabilitation of the severely injured. In addition to complex inpatient rehabilitation (KSR, Komplexe Stationäre Rehabilitation) integrated special rehabilitation procedures, such as neurorehabilitation for severely traumatic brain injured patients and rehabilitation after spinal cord injury and other special rehabilitation methods, such as occupation-oriented rehabilitation (TOR, Tätigkeitsorientierte Rehabilitation) and pain rehabilitation, ensure that the German Society for Trauma Surgery (DGU) phase model of trauma rehabilitation is implemented. This provides an early start in the context of acute treatment as so-called early rehabilitation. After a specialized post-acute rehabilitation, additional therapeutic options are often required. CONCLUSION: An appropriate treatment of severely injured patients is important, for example through rehabilitation managers, which must not end with discharge from the rehabilitation hospital. The aim of all efforts is the reintegration into the working and social environment in addition to the best possible quality of life.

Development of heterotopic ossifications, blood markers and outcome after radiation therapy in spinal cord injured patients.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: This study was implemented to detect risk factors for the developing of heterotopic ossifications (HOs) in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. SETTING: This study was conducted in Murnau, Germany. METHODS: All patients from 2008-2012 with acute SCI were routinely examined by ultrasound of the hips every 2 weeks. The sub group of SCI patients suffering of HO of the hips were extracted and the incidence of developing an HO was calculated. Parameters like age, level of injury, ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS), duration time of accident until diagnosis of HO, Brooker stage, localization of HO (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) and symptoms like thrombosis, emboli, decrease of range of motion (ROM), dermal symptoms, swelling, increase in D-Dimere level, were evaluated. Also accompanying injuries of the brain, lung and extremities were recorded. RESULTS: From January 2008 until January 2012, 575 patients with an acute and traumatic SCI were treated in our Department. During this period 32 HOs were detected in the muscles surrounding the hip. In 10 cases a single side and in 22 cases both sides were affected. A total of 26 patients were detected showing up a Brooker 0, two patients Brooker 1, and five patients a Brooker stage >2. The adductor muscles showed an edema in 19 cases and the quadriceps muscles were affected in 15 cases. 26% of all SCI patients showed AIS A status, but in patients who developed HO, 64% have had an AIS A status. 19% of patients with a HO were AIS B and 9.5% showed an AIS C and D. Regarding the level of injury the distribution of patients suffering of HO was comparable to the distribution of SCI patients without HO. In mean HO were detected 9 weeks after SCI and no new HO were found after the 22nd (n=1) week of injury. Clinical symptoms such as swelling, pain, redness or decrease in ROM or increase in D-Dimere levels were seen in 24 cases. Accompanying injuries like brain injury and lung contusions were found in 83% of patients developing HO. The incidence of thrombosis was comparable to SCI patients without HO. One patient with no accompanying injuries or clinical symptoms was detected by routinely performed ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing HO in patients with traumatic SCI is 5.5% but increases when accompanying injuries of the brain and lung occur. Patients with a neurological status of AIS A must also be quoted as risk patients. When considering the described risk factors and clinical symptoms, 96% of all HO can be detected.